OBJECTIVES: Dyspnea is a prominent symptom of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Patients with Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Stage C-D often complain of dyspnea, but the relationship ...

Chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) primarily affects men; however, its epidemiology has been changing because more women have become smokers. Recently, investigators found that although women and men were exposed to ...